SEM Bibliography


We aim to provide a comprehensive, up-to-date bibliography relating to work undertaken in the Cambridge University Engineering Department in connection with scanning electron microscopy and allied subjects.

1951
Sander K.F: An automatic electron trajectory tracer and contributions to the design of an electrostatic electron microscope. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1951)

1952
McMullan D: Investigations relating to the design of electron microscopes. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1952)

1953
McMullan D: An improved scanning electron microscope for opaque specimens. Proc Inst Electr Engrs 100, Part II, 245-259 (1953)

McMullan, D: The scanning electron microscope and the electron-optical examination of surfaces. Electronic Eng. (England) 25, 46-50 (1953)

Sander K.F. and Yates J.G.: The accurate mapping of electric fields in an electrolytic tank. Proc. IEE I1, 100, pp. 167-183. (1953)

1955
Smith K.C.A. Oatley, C.W: The scanning electron microscope and its fields of application Br. J. Appl. Phys. 6, 391-399 (1955)

1956
Allen, J.W. and Smith, K.C.A. Electron microscopy of etched germanium surfaces. J. Electronics 1, 439-443 (1956)

Atack D. and Smith, K.C.A.. The scanning electron microscope - A new tool in fibre technology. Pulp Paper Mag. Canada 57, 245-251 (1956)

Bowden F.P. and McAuslan J.H.L. Slow decomposition of explosive crystals. Nature (London) 178, 408-410. (1956)

Smith K.C.A: The scanning electron microscope and its fields of application. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1956)

1957
J.H.L. McAuslan and K.C.A. Smith, "The direct observation in the scanning electron microscope of chemical reactions," in Electron Microscopy: Proceedings of the Stockholm Conference, Sept. 1956, edited by F. S. Sjostrand and J. Rhodin (Academic Press, New York, 1957) pp 343-345.

Oatley C.W. and Everhart T.E: The examination of p-n junctions in the scanning electron microscope. J Electron 2, 568-570 (1957)

Wells O.C: The construction of a scanning electron microscope and its application to the study of fibres. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1957)

1958
Everhart T.E: Contrast formation in the scanning electron microscope. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1958)

Oatley C.W: The scanning electron microscope New Sci. June Issue, pp. 153-155. (1958)

Spreadbury P.J: Investigations relating to the design of a simple scanning electron microscope. MSc Dissertation, Cambridge University (1958)

1959
Everhart T.E., Wells O.C. and Oatley, C.W: Factors affecting contrast and resolution in the scanning electron microscope. J. Electronics Control 7, 97-111 (1959)

Smith K.C.A: Scanning electron microscopy in pulp and paper research. Pulp Pap Mag Can Tech Sect 60, T366-T371 (1959)

Tipper C.F, Dagg D.I. Wells O.C: Surface fracture markings on alpha iron crystals. J. Iron and Steel Inst. (GB), 193, 133-141, (1959)

Wells O.C: Examination of nylon spinneret holes by scanning electron microscopy. J. Electron. Control 7, 373-376. (1959)

1960
Everhart T.E. Simple theory concerning the reflection of electrons from solids. J. Appl. Phys. 31, 1483-1490. (1960)

Everhart T.E., Thornley R.F.M: Wide-band detector for micro-microampere low-energy electron currents. J Sci Inst 37, 246-248 (1960)

Everhart T.E., Smith, K.C.A., Wells O.C. and Oatley C.W., (1960): Recent developments in scanning electron microscopy. in Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Electron Microscopy, Berlin, Sept. 1958, Physics, Vol. I, edited by W. Bargmann et al. (Springer Verlag, Berlin, (1958)) 269-273.

Sikorski J. Studies of fibrous structures. in Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Electron Microscopy, Berlin Sept. 1958, Physics, Vol. i, edited by W. Bargmann et. al. (Springer Verlag, Berlin (1960)) 686-707.

Thornley R.F.M. New applications of the scanning electron microscope. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1960)

Wells O.C: Correction of errors in electron stereomicroscopy. Brit J Appl Phys 11, 119-201 (1960)

1961
K.C.A. Smith. A versatile scanning electron microscope. in Proceedings of the European Regional Conference on Electron Microscopy, Delft 1960, Vol. 1 edited by A. L. Houwink and B.J. Spit (De Nederlandse Vereniging Voor electronenmicroscopie, Delft, (1961)) pp 177-180.

Smith, K.C.A. Scanning. in "Encyclopedia of Microscopy" (G. L. Clark, ed.), pp.241-251. (Reinhold, New York), (1961)

Thornley, R.F.M. Recent developments in scanning electron microscopy. in Proceedings of the European Regional Conference on Electron Microscopy, Delft 1960, Vol. i, edited by A. L. Houwink and B. J. Spit, (De Nederlandse Vereniging Voor Electronenmicroscopie, Delft (1961) pp 173-176.

1962
Ahmed H. Studies on high-current-density thermionic cathodes. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1962)

Boyde, A., and Stewart, A.D.G. A study of the etching of dental tissues with argon ion beams. J. Ultrastructure. Res. 7, 159-172. (1962).

Boyde, A., and Stewart, A.D.G. Investigation of the erosion of tooth sections with argon ion beam. Proc. 5th Internat. Conf. Electron Microsc., Philadelphia, 1962 Pap. QQ9. (1962)

McGrath, J.T., Buchanan, J.G., and Thurston, R.C.A.. A study of fatigue and impact fractures with the scanning electron microscope. J. Inst. Met. 91, 34-39 (1962)

Stewart A.D.G: Investigation of the topography of ion-bombarded surfaces with a scanning electron microscope. Proc. 5th Internat. Conf. Electron Microsc., Philadelphia, pp D12-13 (1962)

Stewart, A.D.G. and Boyde A. Ion etching of dental tissues in a scanning electron microscope. Nature (London) l96, 81-82. (1962)

Thornley, F.R.M., and Cartz, L.. Direct examination of ceramic surfaces with the scanning electron microscope. J. Am. Ceram. Sec. 45, 425-428 (1962)

1963
Ahmed, H. and, Beck, A.H.W. Thermionic emission from dispenser cathodes. J. Appl. Phys. 34, 997-998. (1963).

Pease R.F.W. High resolution Scanning Electron Microscope. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1963)

1964
Nixon W.C. Scanning Electron Microscopy J. R. Microsc. Sec. 83, 213-216 (1964).

1965
Broers A.N: Selective ion beam etching in the scanning electron microscope. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1965)

Broers A. N. Combined electron and ion beam processes for microelectronics. Microelectron. Reliab. 4, 103-104. (1965).

Broers A.N. Micromachining by sputtering through a mask of contamination laid down by an electron beam. Int. Conf. Electron Ion Beam Sci. Technol. (R. A. Bakish ed) (Pap.) 1st, 1964 Toronto, pp. 191-204. (1965)

Oatley C.W, Nixon WC, Pease R.F.W: Scanning electron microscopy. Adv. Electronics Electron Phys 21, 181-247 (1965)

Pease R.F.W. The determination of the area of emission of reflected electrons in a scanning electron microscope. J. Sci. Instrum. 42, 158-159. (1965)

Pease R.F.W, Nixon W.C: High resolution scanning electron microscopy. J. Sci. Inst. 42, 81-85 (1965)

Pease R.F.W. and Nixon W.C. "Microformation of filaments," in First International Conference on Electron and Ion Beam Science and Technology, Toronto, May 1964, edited by R. A. Bakish (Wiley, New York) pp 22~230. (1965)

Stewart A.D.G. and Snelling M.A. A new scanning electron microscope, in Electron Microscopy: Proceedings of the Third European Regional Conference, Prague, Sept. 1964, edited by M. Titlebach (Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague), pp 55-56. (1965)

1969
Oatley C.W. Isolation of potential contrast in the scanning electron microscope. J. Sci. Instrum. (J. Phys. E) 2, 742-744. (1969)

1971
Catto C.J.D. Production and Storage-Display of the Signal in the Scanning Electron Microscope. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1971)

Munro E. Computer-Aided-Design Methods in Electron Optics. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1971)

Swann D.J. Investigations Relating to the Application of Field Emission Cathodes. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1971)

1972
Oatley, C.W. The scanning electron microscope. Part I. The instrument. (Cambridge University Press, 1972)

1973
Cleaver, J.R.A. The Application of Field Emission Cathodes to the Scanning Electron Microscope. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1973)

1975
Oatley C.W. Sixty-sixth Kelvin Lecture: The scanning electron microscope and other electron-probe instruments. Proc. IEE, 122, 9, 942-946, (1975)

1976
Unitt B.M. On-Line Digital Image Processing for the Scanning Electron Microscope. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1976)

1978
Cumming A.D.G. Fluctuations and Energy Broadening in Field Emitted Electron Beams. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1978)

1979
Hill R, Smith K.C.A Analysis of the Single-pole Lens by Finite Element Computation. Inst. Phys. Conf. Series No.52; 49-52 (1979)

Holburn D.M. Computer Aided Techniques for Topographical Analysis in the Scanning Electron Microscope. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1979)

1980
Hill R, Smith K.C.A An Interactive Computer System for Magnetic Lens Analysis. Proc 7th European Congress on Electron Microscopy; 60-61 (1980)

1981
Oatley·C.W. Detectors for scanning electron microscope, J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 14, 971-976. (1981)

Hill R, Smith K.C.A Applications of the Cambridge Interactive Electron Lens Analysis System: CIELAS. Inst. Phys. Conf. Series No 61; 71-74 (1981)

1982
Erasmus S.J. Real-Time Digital Image Processing in Electron Microscopy. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1982)

Hill R, Smith K.C.A The Single-pole Lens as an SEM Objective. Scanning Electron Microscopy; 465-471 (1982)

Hill R. Investigations Relating to the Single-Pole Magnetic Lens. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1982)

Oatley C.W. The early history of the scanning electron microscope. J. Appl. Phys. 53, R1-R13 (1982)

1983
Smith D.J, Camps R.A, Freeman L.A, Hill R, Nixon W.C, Smith K.C.A. Recent Improvements to the Cambridge University 600 kV High Resolution Electron Microscope, J. Microscopy 130, Pt 2, 127-136 (1983)

1985
Oatley C.W. The detective quantum efficiency of the scintillator/photomultiplier in the scanning electron microscope, J. Microscopy 139, Pt. 2, 153 (1985)

Oatley C.W, McMullan D, Smith K.C.A: The development of the scanning electron microscope. In The Beginnings of Electron Microscopy (PW Hawkes ed) Adv Electronics Electron Phys Suppl 16, 443-482 (1985)

1986
Breton B.C, J.T.L Thong, W.C Nixon. A dynamic real time 3-D measurement technique for IC inspection. Microelectronic Engineering 5: 541-545 (1986)

1987
Breton B.C, J.T.L Thong, WC Nixon. Contactless 3-D measuring technique for IC Inspection. Proc. SPIE Integrated Circuit Metrology, Inspection and Process Control Conference, Santa, Clara CA Mar 4-6, Vol 775 : pp 109-117. (1987)

Thong J.T.L, SCJ Garth, B.C Breton, W.C. Nixon. Ultra Highspeed electron beam testing system. Microelectronic Engineering 6, 683-688. (1987)

1988
Chang M.M.Y. A Computer-Controlled System in Transmission Electron Microscopy. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1988)

Thong J.T.L, B.C. Breton, W.C. Nixon. High speed beam testing using an electron-optical phase shift element. Electronics Letters 24: No: 23, 1441-2. (1988)

1989
Atkin P. A Programmable Image Processor. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1989)

1990
Breton B.C, Thong J.T.L, Nixon W.C. Advances in stereo SEM techniques. Inst. Phys. Conf. Series No.98; 617-620 (1990)

Taylor J.H. Automatic Computational Methods in Magnetic Electron Lens Design. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1990)

1991
Thong J.T.L., Breton B.C. Improving the dynamic response of magnetic electron lenses. Meas. Sci. Technol. 2; 1116-1118. (1991)

1992
Thong J.T.L., Breton B.C.. A topography measurement instrument based on the scanning electron microscope. Rev. Sci. Inst. 1992; 63(1) : pp 131-138.

Thong J.T.L., Breton B.C. In situ topography measurement in the SEM. Scanning 14 : pp 65-72. (1992)

1993
Chau K.L. Automated Control in High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1993)

1994
Fuller K., Thong J.T.L., Chambers T.J., Breton B.C. Automated 3-D characterisation of osteoclast resorption lacunae by stereoscopic scanning electron microscopy. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolis (1994)

Chand G. Aberrration Determination and Compensation in High Resolution Electron Microscopy. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1994)

1996
Chand, G., Breton, B.C., Caldwell, N.H.M. & Holburn, D.M. World Wide Web Controlled SEM. Scanning: The Journal of Scanning Microscopies, Vol 18, (3), pp201-202. (1996).

Caldwell, N.H.M., Breton, B.C., & Holburn, D.M. Automated filament saturation in the SEM. Proceedings of the Royal Microscopical Society, Vol 31, (2), pp126. (1996)

Breton, B.C., Chand, G., Caldwell, N.H.M., & Holburn D.M. A Java Powered SEM. Proceedings of EUREM-11, Vol 1 : Techniques and Instrumentation, pp356, CESM. (1998).

Caldwell, N.H.M., Breton, B.C., & Holburn, D.M. An Expert System for Fault Diagnosis in the Scanning Electron Microscope Applications and Innovations in Expert Systems IV (pp 177-188), SGES Publications. (1996)

1997
Agar A.W., Brown, P.D., Mulvey, T. & Smith K.C.A. The Curious History of the First SEM Produced Independently by AEI Manchester. The Electron, Proc. International Centennial Symposium on the Electron, Churchill College, Cambridge, (Ed. A.I. Kirkland and P.D. Brown) 266-269, (1997)

Breton, B.C., Chand, G., Caldwell, N.H.M. & Holburn, D.M. Remote Microscopy in the Real World. Microscopy and Analysis, September 1997, pp19-21. (1997)

Caldwell, N.H.M., Breton, B.C., & Holburn, D.M. "FIRST A.I.D: Using Remote Microscopy and Artificial Intelligence for SEM Fault Diagnosis" Scanning: The Journal of Scanning Microscopies,Vol 19, (3), pp204. (1997)

Caldwell, N.H.M., Breton, B.C., & Holburn, D.M. Towards the Intelligent SEM. Electron Microscopy and Analysis 1997, (Institute of Physics Conference Series Number 153), pp 53-56, Institute of Physics Publishing.(1997)

Caldwell, N.H.M., Breton, B.C., & Holburn, D.M. XpertEze: A Knowledge-Based Approach to Scanning Electron Microscopy. Applications and Innovations in Expert Systems V (pp 127-140), SGES Publications. (1997)

Chand, G., Breton, B.C., Caldwell, N.H.M. & Holburn, D.M. World Wide Web Controlled SEM. Scanning: The Journal of Scanning Microscopies, Vol 19, 4, 292-296. (1997)

Edgcombe C.J., Roberts, D.E. & Smith K.C.A. Computer-Aided Teaching of Electron Optics. The Electron, Proc. International Centennial Symposium on the Electron, Churchill College, Cambridge, (Ed. A.I. Kirkland and P.D. Brown) 313-317, (1997)

Smith K.C.A. Charles Oatley: Pioneer of Scanning Electron Microscopy. Inst. Phys. Conf. Series No 153; 9-16 (1997)

Smith K.C.A. The Origins and History of a Versatile Electron Optical Instrument Combining Facilities for SEM, TEM and X-ray Point Projection Microscopy. The Electron, Proc. International Centennial Symposium on the Electron, Churchill College, Cambridge, (Ed. A.I. Kirkland and P.D. Brown) 552-556. (1997)

1998
Caldwell, N.H.M., Breton, B.C., & Holburn, D.M. Remote Instrument Diagnosis on the Internet. IEEE Intelligent Systems, Vol 13, (3), pp70-76. (1998)

Caldwell, N.H.M., Breton, B.C., & Holburn D.M. Making SEMs Smarter. Microscopy & Analysis, November 1998, pp9-11. (1998)

Caldwell, N.H.M. Knowledge-Based Engineering for the Scanning Electron Microscope. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University (1998)

Nixon W.C. History and Early Developments of the Scanning Electron Microscope within Cambridge University. Electron Microscopy 1998, ICEM14, Cancun, Mexico, Symp. A, Vol. 1, 27-28.

1999

Breton, B.C., Chand G., Howard, P.J., Caldwell, N.H.M., & Holburn D.M. NetSEM Collaborator - An Application in Telemicroscopy. Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol 5, Supplement 2, pp320-321. (1999)

2000

Holburn, D.M., Robertson, R.P., Breton B.C., & Caldwell N.H.M. A Virtual Scanning Electron Microscope for Teaching and Training. Microscopy & Analysis, March 2000, pp5-7. (2000)